My article "'Are you Alawite?': A Call to Prevent Genocide in Syria" covers the experience of Alawites under the Sunni regime that came to power in December 2024. This blog continues coverage of that topic.
According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, members of security checkpoint for sectarian reasons executed eight civilians and injured five others — all Alawite, traveling in bus in the Hama countryside. (June 4, 2025)
June 5, 2025 update: A BBC podcast, "The Future of the Alawites," contains much interesting information, especially on the Alawite practice of taqiya, or religious dissimulation. The interviewer quotes "a local Alawite cleric" named Ali Asi:
The local Alawite cleric, Ali Asi, tells me he feels the international community is not supporting these Syrians because they are accused of being remnants of the Assad regime. I am also struck by how often Alawites have emphasized to me that they are Muslims. I asked cleric Asi how their practices differ from Sunni and Shia Islam.
He said there is no difference with any other religious Islamic sects in general but there is a bit of differences in how we apply it. "It is the same. The Qur'an is one, the Bible is one book, but the problem is how people see it, or how read it, or how you explain it."
And this is the problem. Alawites who have fled Syria have told us that Sunnis have accused them of being kuffar, unbelievers. Why are they being told this? "They consider that we believe a lot in human beings. They say that because we love Ali bin Abi Talib so much, they think that we obey him and believe in him, and which is not good."
He said that because of this, "They accuse us of being unbelievers because they said, 'You believe in a human being. not in God'."
Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Shia imam and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. To Alawites, Ali holds a uniquely central and divine role that goes far beyond his status in Sunni or even Shia Islam. And due to centuries of persecution and misunderstanding, many Alawites view the Islamic practice of taqiya as a religious duty. "It's about concealing one's beliefs. Taqiya is a religion by itself. It's based on respecting all the religions, sects and groups around you. So I don't do things that the other religious groups wouldn't appreciate it and wouldn't like it. So I don't make him upset or angry."
He said from here it all starts. "Because if I would keep my religion, I can keep my taqiya." He said maybe this would help us to be able to live with these crazy people.
So, taqiya is going to keep the community safe. The answer now is very hard, especially we are dealing with people, they cannot, they don't believe you, even if you put the carpet and pray in front of them, they will never believe you. So, it's a very hard answer now on your question.
There are a lot of Chechens and a lot of Uyghurs [who came to Syria to fight jihad], and all those people were brainwashed by their people, by their leaders. Sheikh Ali or others are not able to convince them to change their mind, because there's a lot of hate and a lot of anger in them. He said, "They are drinking the hate every day."
For Alawites, there's a strong focus on esoteric and mystical teachings. How does this shape your faith?
We are Muslim. We believe in La illaha ila Allah, and we believe in the basic rules of Islam. This secretive stuff that they are accusing us of, it doesn't exist and it's not real. They accuse us of faith in or worshipping human being, but it's not true. They accuse us of a brother marrying his sister. All of that is a lot of lies and misinformation just to kill us. ...
Do you feel misunderstood as a community?
Yes, actually. The misconceptions are, first of all, that we are represented as the Assad sect. And now this regime has fallen. So we represent ourselves. We are secular in how we treat others. We live around the world. And I think anyone who interacts with us will say the same thing, that we are easygoing people. Another misconception is that we worship Imam Ali. Of course we don't. He's a beloved figure. We follow Imam Ali, but because he is the cousin of al-Nabi Muhammad, the Messenger Muhammad. So we mainly follow al-Nabi Muhammad and we love Imam Ali because he loved him. And we follow the family of Messenger Muhammad and we express our faith through the five pillars of Islam.
The Alawite religion has often been shrouded in mystery and secrecy and that there are secret and sacred books that describe your beliefs. Have you been able to access much of that side of your faith?
I think this mystery that is around the Alawite sect is that in a certain period of history, the Alawite were killed because they are Alawite. They had to mask their practices in order not to be killed. ... It doesn't matter where we are. We can just open the Quran, and the Quran is our safe space. So we don't need mosques that are decorated."
June 10, 2025 update: Kubayla Koontz and Gregory Waters report from Syria that the new regime initiated something it calls the taswiya (settlement), a process that it "began applying to ex-regime security forces in December to register them with temporary ID cards. Although authorities explicitly stated that taswiya was not a form of amnesty, many Alawites viewed it as a return to civilian status." But "ongoing confusion over the ... unresolved taswiya issue is particularly troublesome—Alawites who still hold the temporary IDs granted under that process now worry that they are a "mark of death" at any government checkpoint."
June 27, 2025 update: Reuters counts "at least 33 women and girls from Syria's Alawite sect - aged between 16 and 39 - who have been abducted or gone missing this year in the turmoil following the fall of Bashar al-Assad."
June 30, 2025 update: A Reuters special report by Maggie Michael finds that "Syrian forces massacred 1,500 Alawites: The chain of command led to Damascus." As the summary explains:
A Reuters investigation has pieced together how the massacres unfolded, identifying a chain of command leading from the attackers directly to men who serve alongside Syria's new leaders in Damascus. Reuters found nearly 1,500 Syrian Alawites were killed and dozens were missing. The investigation revealed 40 distinct sites of revenge killings, rampages and looting against the religious minority, long associated with the fallen Assad government.
The report includes a map of the killing sites:
Some details:
Among the units Reuters found to be involved were the government's General Security Service, its main law-enforcement body back in the days when HTS ran Idlib and now part of the Interior Ministry; and ex-HTS units like the elite Unit 400 fighting force and the Othman Brigade. Also involved were Sunni militias that had just joined the government's ranks, including the Sultan Suleiman Shah Brigade and Hamza division. ...
The fighters, many of them masked, mustered in the new government's heartland of Idlib, Homs, Aleppo and Damascus. And when armored convoys rolled out to western Syria, the militias' cries of "Sunnis, Sunnis" rose in the night along with rhyming slogans calling for people to "slaughter the Alawites," according to videos verified by Reuters. ...
Among the dead were entire families, including women, children, the elderly and disabled people in dozens of predominantly Alawite villages and neighborhoods. In one neighborhood, 45 women were among the 253 dead. In another village, 10 of 30 killed were children. In at least one case, an entire Alawite town was emptied almost overnight, its hundreds of residents replaced by Sunnis.
The first question arriving fighters asked residents was telling, according to more than 200 witnesses and survivors: "Are you Sunni or Alawite?" ...
The villages with the most bloodshed were those whose residents belonged to a subset of Alawites called al-Klazyia, according to Ali Mulhem, founder of the Syrian Civil Peace Group, an organization that documents abuses and mediates disputes. The Assad family were al-Klazyia Alawites, as were many of the dictator's ranking security officials. ...
Many Alawite villages and neighborhoods throughout the Latakia, Tartous and Hama regions emptied out after the attacks, and their residents camped by the thousands at a nearby Russian base for fear of new massacres.
The targeting of Alawites continues to this day. Between May 10 and June 4, 20 Alawites were gunned down in the Latakia and Hama regions, according to the Syria Observatory for Human Rights. The perpetrators have not been identified. ...
The most recent count from the Syrian Network for Human Rights, an independent monitoring group, shows 1,662 people killed. Of that total, 1,217 were killed by government forces and armed groups while 445 were killed by pro-Assad fighters. ...
On his Facebook page, a militiaman affiliated with the Sultan Suleiman Shah division posted: "Turn off cameras. Kill every male. Their blood is as dirty as pigs."
July 1, 2025 update: Christian Solidarity International sponsored an event with Joshua Landis and Fabrice Balanche to discuss "Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic" as a United Nations Human Rights Council side event. It included discussion of Alawite persecution. From the press release about the event:
The violence on the coast started with an attack by government forces on Alawites in Datour in Latakia on March 4, Balanche said, not with an Alawite uprising on March 6, as the government and much of the media reported. Already on March 5, the village of Dalyeh, an Alawite holy place, "was targeted by helicopter," Balanche said. "This was a direct targeting of the Alawite religion. Of course, the Alawites resisted, and their resistance became the justification for this horrible massacre."
The violence carried out by the new Islamist authorities was "indiscriminate," Balanche said. "They killed women, children, elderly. Young men were the main targets." While the exact reported number of casualties varies by source, between 1,500 and 5,000 Alawites are estimated to have been killed during the March massacres.
Landis cited an investigative report by Reuters published this week, which demonstrated that the massacres were authorized by "very top government officials." The report noted that a spokesperson for the ministry of defense said, "May God reward you," when informed of the attacks.
Landis pointed out that the fatwas of the 14th century Syrian cleric Ibn Taymiyya, which explicitly permit the blood of Alawites to be shed, have been republished and distributed by the new al-Sharaa government, after being banned under Asad.
Landis, who is married to a Syrian Alawite women, shared stories of how his wife's family experienced the massacres. One of her young cousins was shot dead in front of his mother. Another relative was forced to hide in the forest for two days after government troops armed with drones attacked his village.
Landis highlighted another recent Reuters report on how Alawite girls have been kidnapped and trafficked, but their parents are threatened that the girls will be killed if someone talks to the press.
Some of Landis' relatives are among the over 100,000 Syrians who have fled the country in the last six months, he said.
